Osama bin Laden (1957–2011) was the founder and leader of **al-Qaeda**, the militant Islamist organization responsible for the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States and numerous other global atrocities. Here's a detailed overview:
### Key Details:
1. **Birth & Background**
- Born March 10, 1957, in Riyadh, **Saudi Arabia**, into a wealthy family (his father owned the Bin Laden Group construction conglomerate).
- Studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University. Developed radical Islamist views during this period.
2. **Formation of al-Qaeda**
- In the 1980s, he fought alongside Afghan *mujahideen* against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, funded by the U.S. and Saudi Arabia.
- Founded **al-Qaeda** ("The Base") in **1988** to coordinate global jihad. Its goals included expelling Western influence from Muslim lands and establishing strict Islamic rule.
3. **Major Attacks**
- **1998 U.S. Embassy Bombings**: Attacks in Kenya and Tanzania killed 224 people.
- **2000 USS Cole Bombing**: 17 U.S. sailors killed in Yemen.
- **September 11, 2001**: Al-Qaeda hijackers crashed planes into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania, killing 2,977 people. This triggered the U.S.-led "War on Terror."
4. **Ideology**
- Bin Laden declared a *fatwa* against the U.S. in 1996/1998, citing U.S. military presence in Saudi Arabia, support for Israel, and sanctions against Iraq.
- Aimed to unify Muslims under a pan-Islamic caliphate through violent jihad.
5. **Manhunt & Death**
- Evaded capture for a decade after 9/11, hiding in Pakistan's tribal areas.
- **Killed on May 2, 2011**, by U.S. Navy SEALs in a raid on his compound in **Abbottabad, Pakistan**. His body was buried at sea.
### Legacy:
- **Al-Qaeda** inspired global jihadist movements (e.g., ISIS, though they later split).
- His death weakened al-Qaeda’s central leadership but spawned regional affiliates.
- The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003) were direct consequences of his actions, reshaping global geopolitics.
### Controversies:
- **Pakistan’s Role**: His presence in Abbottabad raised suspicions of state complicity, which Pakistan denied.
- **U.S. Intelligence**: Leaked documents revealed extensive surveillance efforts leading to his discovery.
Bin Laden remains a symbol of modern terrorism, and his actions continue to influence international security policies. For verified sources, refer to the **9/11 Commission Report** or declassified U.S. government documents.
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